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Modern European History Beginning of Paper 1. What did Paul Valery mean in saying that the mind of Europe doubted itself profoundly? Before 1914, people in Europe believed in progress, peace, prosperity, reason, and rights of individuals. During that time, people began to believe in the Enlightenment, industrial developments .... Middle of Paper .... or what to expect anymore. They did not know what was going to happen after the war. They're so devastated by the war that many who were still alive lost faith and all hopes. Many intellectuals began to doubt the Enlightenment and even the future of Western civilization. This state of uncertainty and unpredictability brought out many modern philosophers of that time. One of them was a French poet and critic Paul Valery. He stated that "Europe was looking at its future with dark foreboding." In his writings, he said that "The storm has died aw .... 889 words | 4 pages Subscription Length Price Join 30 days membership (recurring) $19.95 90 days membership (recurring) $39.95 180 days membership (non-recurring) $69.95