.... is the lightest known particle which possesses an electric charge. Its rest mass is Me 9.1 x 10 -28 g, about 1/1836 of the mass of the proton or neutron. The charge of the electron is -e = -4.8 x 10^-10 esu ....

.... at any time with the temperature of their external environment. Endothermic animals, on the other hand, have relatively constant body temperatures. Their body temperature is independent of that of their external environment. Monkeys and walruses, for example, both have body temperatures of about 38„aC, despite living in very different habitats. However if body temperature rises above its optimum level (usually around 40„aC in mammals) then the enzyme rate inside the body will go into sharp decline. This is because enzymes are proteins, and become denatured. One of the first organs to be affected is the brain. Since the brain controls breathing and the circulation, th ....

.... and increased electrolytes in sweat (Shwachman, 1997). The abnormal gene, which causes an increased presence of chlorine within the exocrine cells, was identified in 1989 and is known as transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) (Hopkin, 1998). is the most common genetic disorder in the white population (Hopkin, 1998). Almost every article or book about begins with a statement similar to the one above. People who have genetic disorders are born with them. The inherited genetic defect causes a chemical error in all the cells in their body (Silverstein, 1994; Wagner, Reynolds, Moran, Moss, Wine, Flotte, Gardner, 998; Shapiro, 1991; Drake, 1995). In children and adult ....

.... the newest entry in my paper, and perhaps the one that shocked the whole world, was the report about the first successful clone mammal from non-embryonic cells. This will be helpful in the future for patients waiting for organ transplants. Scientists will be able to clone a fully functional organ, and replace it with the damaged one. The report on the cloning of the human's morphine receptor is advantageous to us because this helps scientists to develop new analgesics. The third section of the paper contains a brief discussion about the advantages and the disadvantages of genetic cloning. It speculates how our future will improve due to the technologies we are d ....

.... billions of tons of pollutants. The level is usually given in terms of atmospheric concentrations or, for gases in terms of parts per million, that is, number of pollutant molecules per million air molecules. Many come from directly identifiable sources; sulfur dioxide, for example, comes from electric power plants burning coal or oil. Others are formed through the action of sunlight on previously emitted reactive materials. For example, ozone, a dangerous pollutant in smog, is produced by the interaction of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides under the influence of sunlight. Ozone has also caused serious crop damage. On the other hand, the discovery in the 1980s that ....

.... represents an attempt to rediscover the mystery and wonder of the world (Pfordresher, 424). The French Revolution, 1793-1815, gave life and breath to the dreams of some Romantic writers. They wanted liberty and equality for all individuals (Pfordresher, 423). The Industrial Revolution was changing England from a rural society to a nation of factories (Fuller, 280). England changed from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and from home manufacturing to factory production. When Napoleon came into power, people became as violent and corrupt as their former rulers. This was known as the Reign of Terror. "England emerged from the eighteenth century a parliamenta ....

.... until the early nineteenth century and emerged as an important method of science. The first recorded action of vivisection was the study of body humors by Erasistratus in Alexandria during the third century (1:3). Later, in A.D. 129-200, the physician, Galen, used five pigs to investigate the effects of several nerves (1:4). He is considered to be the founder of experimental physiology. During the Renaissance Era, Andreas Vesalius conducted experiments on monkeys, swine, and goats (1:3). By the late eighteenth century, the methods of scientific discovery were changer to experimentation of live animals by two French physiologists, Claude Bernard and Francious Magnedie. ....

.... cells have “true” membrane-bound nuclei. Both plant and animal cells have a membrane-bound nucleus; hence, they are grouped as eukaryotic cells. The nucleus plays the same role and has the same structure in both plant and animal cells. You can see that the nucleus is present in both animal and plant cells by examining figure A and figure B. Although the nucleus itself remains similar among both plant and animal cells, one difference lies in the positioning of the nucleus within the cell. Due to the central vacuole in a plant cell, the nucleus is usually not located in the center of the cell; rather, it is usually crowded nearer the plasma membrane. In most animal cel ....